GPAT information and syllabus
GRADUATE PHARMACY APTITUDE TEST
(GPAT) - 2012
GPAT - 2012 will be organized by the M.S.University of Baroda,
Vadodara-390 002 throughout the country on behalf of the AICTE, New Delhi. The
following websites will be updated for information and syllabus of GPAT 12 by
15 December: http://www.gpat.in; http://www.msubaroda.ac.in. The application of GPAT-2012 examination can be filled
only online from the above mentioned websites.
Important dates for GPAT-2012 :
Website
opens (for online registration)
|
Saturday,
14-01-2012
|
Website
closes (for online registration)
|
Monday,
20-02-2012
|
Last
date for receiving of copy of Bank Challan as proof of payment for
examination fee and print out of the application form
|
Monday,
27-02-2012
|
Date
of Examination
|
Sunday,
06-05-2012
|
Date
of Declaration of Result
|
Thursday,
31-05-2012
|
Gateforum offers the following
packages for GPAT 2012
Package
|
Details
|
Fees
(including Service Tax) |
All India Test Series (TS)
|
5 Full Length Tests-Online and 16 Section Tests -Hard Copy
|
Rs 1000
|
Distance Learning Programme(DLP)
|
Study Material-8 books, 5 Full length Tests-Online,16
section tests-Hard Copy
|
Rs 4000
|
Classroom Learning (CL)
|
Classes for GPAT, Study Material- 8 books, 5 Full length
Tests, 16 Section tests
|
GPAT
Classroom Coaching is available in selected cities Please call - 040
44664243/44 for more details
Register for Information on GPAT
2012:
Please select your city
|
|
(to fill in the Registration Form
for more information)
|
SYLLABUS
PHARMACEUTICS
Introduction to Physical pharmacy;
Matter, Properties of Matter:
State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor
pressure, sublimation-critical point, Eutectic mixtures, gases,
aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid. complexes, liquid crystals,
glassy state, solids- crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism.
Micromeretics and Powder Rheology: Particle size and distribution, average particle size,
number and weight distribution, particle number, methods for determining
particle volume, methods of determining particle size- optical microscopy, sieving,
sedimentation; measurements of particle shape, specific surface area; methods
for determining surface area; permeability, adsorption, derived properties of
powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow
properties.
Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon: Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface
free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, spreading
coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB
classification, solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid interfaces,
solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of
interface.
Viscosity and Rheology: Newtonian systems, Law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect
of temperature; non-Newtonian systems: pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic;
thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, negative thixotropy, determination of
viscosity, capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometers.
Dispersion Systems: Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids,
protective colloids, applications of colloids in pharmacy; Suspensions and
Emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in
suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian motion, sedimentation
of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles,
controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological
considerations; Emulsions-types, theories, physical stability.
Complexation: Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and
analysis, applications.
Kinetics and Drug Stability: General considerations & concepts, half-life
determination, Influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic species and
other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating.
Importance of microbiology in
pharmacy; Structure of bacterial cell; Classification of microbes and their
taxonomy: Actinomycetes, bacteria,
rickettsiae, spirochetes and viruses;
Identification of Microbes: Stains and types of staining techniques, electron
microscopy; Nutrition, cultivation, isolation of bacteria, actinomycetes,
fungi, viruses, etc; Microbial genetics and variation;
Control of microbes by physical and
chemical methods: Disinfection, factors influencing
disinfectants, dynamics of disinfection, disinfectants and antiseptics and
their evaluation;
Sterilization: different methods, validation of sterilization methods
& equipments; Sterility testing of all pharmaceutical products. Microbial
assays of antibiotics, vitamins & amino acids.
Immunology and Immunological
Preparations: Principles, antigens and heptans,
immune system, cellular/humoral immunity, immunological tolerance,
antigen-antibody reactions and their applications. Hypersensitivity, active and
passive immunization. Vaccines and sera: their preparation, standardization and
storage.
Genetic Recombination: Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast
fusion and gene cloning and their applications. Development of hybridoma for
monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced by biotechnology such as
Activase, Humulin, Humatrope, HB etc;
Antibiotics: Historical development of antibiotics. Antimicrobial
spectrum and methods used for their standardization. Screening of soil for
organisms producing antibiotics, fermenter, its design, control of different
parameters. Isolation of mutants, factors influencing rate of mutation. Design
of fermentation process. Isolation of fermentation products with special
reference to penicillins, streptomycins tetracyclines and vitamin B12.
Introduction to pharmaceutical
jurisprudence & ethics :
Pharmaceutical Legislations - A brief review; Drugs & Pharmaceutical
Industry - A brief review; Pharmaceutical Education - A brief review;
An elaborate study of the
followings: Pharmaceutical Ethics; Pharmacy Act
1948; Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945; Medicinal & Toilet
Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955; Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic
Substances Act 1985 & Rules; Drugs Price Control Order;
A brief study of the following Acts
with special reference to the main provisions and the latest amendments: Poisons Act 1919; Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable
Advertisements) Act 1954; Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 & Rules
1975; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960; States Shops &
Establishments Act & Rules; Insecticides Act 1968; AICTE Act 1987;
Factories Act 1948; Minimum Wages Act 1948; Patents Act 1970. A brief study of
the various Prescription/Non-prescription Products. Medical/Surgical accessories,
diagnostic aids, appliances available in the market.
Introduction to dispensing and
community pharmacy; Prescription: Handling
of prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in dispensing
procedures including labeling of dispensed products. General dispensing
procedures including labeling of dispensed products; Pharmaceutical
calculations: Posology, calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly
patients; Enlarging and reducing recipes percentage solutions, alligation,
alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value etc;
Principles involved and procedures
adopted in dispensing of : Typical
prescriptions like mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders,
capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmic, pastilles, lozenges,
pills, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints sprays tablet triturates, etc;
Incompatibilities: Physical and chemical incompatibilities, inorganic
incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals and their salts,
non-metals, acids, alkalis, organic incompatibilities. Purine bases, alkaloids,
pyrazolone derivatives, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds,
carbohydrates, glycosides, anesthetics, dyes, surface active agents, correction
of incompatibilities. Therapeutic incompatibilities;
Community Pharmacy: Organization and structure of retail and whole sale drug
store-types of drug store and design, legal requirements for establishment,
maintenance and drug store-dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance of
records of retail and wholesale, patient counseling, role of pharmacist in
community health care and education (First aid, communicable diseases,
nutrition, family planning).
Organization and Structure of
hospital pharmacy: Organization of a hospital and
hospital pharmacy, Responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist, Pharmacy and
therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and Implementation.
Hospital Formulary: Contents, preparation and revision of hospital formulary.
Drug Store Management and Inventory
Control: Organization of drug store, Types
of materials stocked, storage conditions; Purchase and Inventory Control
principles, purchase procedures, Purchase order, Procurement and stocking;
Drug distribution Systems in
Hospitals: Out-patient dispensing, methods
adopted; Dispensing of drugs to in-patients. Types of drug distribution
systems. Charging policy, labeling; Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients;
Dispensing of controlled drugs, Dispensing of ancillary supplies;
Central Sterile Supply Unit and
their Management: Types of materials for
sterilization, Packing of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization
equipments, Supply of sterile materials.
Manufacture of Sterile and
Non-sterile Products: Policy making of manufacturable
items, demand and costing, personnel requirements, manufacturing practice,
Master formula Card, production control, Manufacturing records.
Drug Information Services: Sources' of Information on drugs, disease, treatment
schedules, procurement of information, Computerized services (e.g., MEDLINE),
Retrieval of information, Medication error- types of medication errors,
correction and reporting.
Records and Reports: Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication
profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases.
Pharmacoeconomics: Introduction to pharmacoeconomics, different methods of
pharmacoeconomics, application of pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacoepidemiology:
Definition and scope, method to conduct pharmacoepidemiological studies,
advantages & disadvantages of pharmacoepidemiological studies.
Nuclear Pharmacy: Methods of handling radioisotopes, radioisotope committee.
Importance of unit operations in
manufacturing; Stoichiometry:
Unit processes material and energy balances, molecular units, mole fraction,
tie substance, gas laws, mole volume, primary and secondary quantities,
equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady states, dimensionless
equations, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups, different types of
graphic representation, mathematical problems.
Fluid Flow: Types of flow, Reynold's number, Viscosity, Concept of
boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow, valves, flow meters, manometers
and measurement of flow and pressure.
Heat transfer: Concept of heat flow, applications of Fourier’s law, forced
and natural convection, surface coefficients, boiling liquids, condensing
vapors, heat exchangers, heat interchangers, radiation, black body, Stefan
Boltzmann equation, Kirchoff’s law.
Evaporation: Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting
evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect
evaporators, Mathematical problems on evaporation.
Distillation: Roult's law, phase diagrams, volatility; simple steam and
flash distillations, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for
calculations of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillation.
Drying: Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and
time of drying calculations; classification and types of dryers, dryers used in
pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods.
Size Reduction: Definition, objectives of size reduction, mechanisms of
size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy and
power requirements of a mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy
mill. Size separation: Different techniques of size separation, sieves, sieve
shakers, sedimentation tank, cyclone separators, bag fillers etc.
Mixing: Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and
liquid-liquid mixing equipments.
Filtration and Centrifugation: Theory of filtration, continuous and batch filters, filter
aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter press, rotary filter,
edge filter, etc. Factors affecting filtration, filtration, optimum cleaning
cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters,
and centrifugal sedimenters;
Crystallization: Characteristics of crystals like-purity, size, shape,
geometry, habit, forms size and factors affecting them, Solubility curves and
calculation of yields. Material and heat balances around Swenson Walker
Crystallizer. Supersaturation, theory and its limitations, Nucleation
mechanisms, crystal growth. Study of various types of Crystallizers, tanks,
agitated batch, Swenson Walker, Single vacuum, circulating magma and Krystal
Crystallizer, Caking of crystals and its prevention. Numerical problems on
yields;
Dehumidification and Humidity
Control: Basic concepts and definition, wet
bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, Hygrometric chart and measurement
of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipments for
dehumidificat4ion operations;
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning: Principle and applications of refrigeration and air
conditioning;
Material of Construction : General study of composition, corrosion, resistance,
Properties and applications of the materials of construction with special
reference to stainless steel and glass.
Material Handling Systems: Liquid handling - Different types of pumps, Gas
handling-Various types of fans, blowers and compressors, Solid handling-Bins,
Bunkers, Conveyers, Air transport.
Corrosion: Classification, mechanism of corrosion, factors affecting,
prevention and control.
Plant location: Layout, utilities and services.
Industrial Hazards and Safety
Precautions: Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical,
fire and dust hazards. Industrial dermatitis, Accident records etc.
Automated Process Control Systems: Process variables, temperature, pressure, flow, level and
vacuum and their measurements; elements of automatic process control and
introduction to automatic process control systems; elements of computer aided
manufacturing (CAM). Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical
reactions.
Liquid Dosages Forms: Introduction, types of additives used in formulations,
vehicles, stabilizers, preservatives, suspending agents, emulsifying agents,
solubilizers, colors, flavors and others, manufacturing packaging, labeling,
evaluation of clear liquids, suspensions and emulsions official in
pharmacopoeia;
Semisolid Dosage Forms: Definitions, types, mechanisms of drug penetration, factors
influencing penetration, semisolid bases and their selection. General
formulation of semisolids, clear gels manufacturing procedure, evaluation and
packaging;
Suppositories: Ideal requirements, bases, displacement value, manufacturing
procedure, packaging and evaluation;
Extraction and Galenical Products: Principle and method of extraction, preparation of infusion,
tinctures, dry and soft liquid extracts;
Blood Products and Plasma
Substitutes: Collection, processing and storage
of whole human blood, concentrated human RBCs, dried human plasma, human
fibrinogen, human thrombin, human normal immunoglobulin, human fibrin, foam
plasma substitutes, -ideal requirements, PVP, dextran etc. for control of blood
pressure as per I.P.;
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, general formulation,
manufacturing' and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications;
Ophthalmic Preparations: Requirements, formulation, methods of preparation,
labeling, containers, evaluation;
Cosmeticology and Cosmetic
Preparations: Fundamentals of cosmetic science,
structure and functions of skin and hair. Formulation, preparation and
packaging of cosmetics for skin, hair, dentifrice and manicure preparations
like nail polish, nail polish remover, Lipsticks, eye lashes, baby care
products etc.
Capsules: Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage form,
material for production of hard gelatin capsules, size of capsules,
formulation, method of capsule filling, soft gelatin, capsule shell and capsule
content, importance of base absorption and minimum/gm factors in soft capsules,
quality control, stability testing and storage of capsule dosage forms.
Micro-encapsulation: Types of microcapsules, importance of microencapsulation in
pharmacy, microencapsulation by phase separation, coacervation, multi-orifice,
spray drying, spray congealing, polymerization complex emulsion, air suspension
technique, coating pan and other techniques, evaluation of micro capsules.
Tablets: Advantages and disadvantages of tablets, Application of
different types of tablets, Formulation of different types of tablets,
granulation, technology on large-scale by various techniques, different types
of tablet compression machinery and the equipments employed, evaluation of
tablets. Coating of Tablets: Types of coating, film forming materials,
formulation of coating solution, equipments for coating, coating process,
evaluation of coated tablets. Stability kinetics and quality assurance.
Parenteral Products: Pre-formulation factors, routes of administration, water
for injection, and sterile water for injection, pyrogenicity, non aqueous
vehicles, isotonicity and methods of its adjustment, Formulation details,
Containers and closures and selection, labeling; Pre-filling treatment, washing
of containers and closures, preparation of solution and suspensions, filling
and closing of ampoules, vials, infusion fluids, lyophilization &
preparation of sterile powders, equipment for large scale manufacture and
evaluation of parenteral products; Aseptic Techniques-source of contamination
and methods of prevention, Design of aseptic area, Laminar flow bench services
and maintenance. Sterility testing of pharmaceuticals.
Surgical products: Definition, primary wound dressing, absorbents, surgical
cotton, surgical gauzes etc., bandages, adhesive tape, protective cellulosic
hemostastics, official dressings, absorbable and non-absorbable sutures,
ligatures and catguts.
Packaging of Pharmaceutical
Products: Packaging components, types,
specifications and methods of evaluation, stability aspects of packaging.
Packaging equipments, factors influence choice of containers, legal and
official requirements for containers, package testing.
Designing of dosage forms;
Pre-formulation studies: Study of
physical properties of drug like physical form, particle size, shape, density,
wetting, dielectric constant. Solubility, dissolution and organoleptic
properties and their effect on formulation, stability and bioavailability.
Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction,
racemization, polymerization etc., and their influence on formulation and
stability of products. Study of pro-drugs in solving problems related to
stability, bioavailability and elegancy of formulations. Design, development
and process validation methods for pharmaceutical operations involved in the
production of pharmaceutical products with special reference to tablets,
suspensions. Stabilization and stability testing protocol for various
pharmaceutical products. ICH Guidelines for stability testing of formulations.
Performance evaluation methods: In-vitro dissolution studies for solid dosage forms
methods, interpretation of dissolution data. Bioavailability studies and
bioavailability testing protocol and procedures. In vivo methods of evaluation
and statistical treatment. GMP and quality assurance, Quality audit. Design,
development, production and evaluation of controlled/sustained/extended release
formulations.
Biopharmaceutics: Passage of drugs across biological barrier (passive
diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, ion-pair formation and
pinocytosis); Factors influencing absorption- biological, physico-chemical,
physiological and pharmaceutical; Drug distribution in the body, plasma protein
binding.
Pharmacokinetics: Significance of plasma drug concentration measurement.
Compartment model- Definition and Scope. Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption -
Zero order and first order absorption rate constant using Wagner-Nelson and
residual methods. Volume of distribution and distribution coefficient.
Compartment kinetics- One compartment and two compartment models. Determination
of pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and urine data after drug
administration by intravascular and oral route. Clearance concept, mechanism of
renal clearance, clearance ratio, determination of renal clearance. Extraction
ratio, hepatic clearance, biliary excretion, extra-hepatic circulation.
Non-linear pharmacokinetics with special reference to one compartment model
after I.V. drug administration.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics: Definition and scope: Dosage adjustment in patients with
and without renal and hepatic failure; Design of single dose bio-equivalence
study and relevant statistics; Pharmacokinetic drug interactions and their
significance in combination therapy.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence: Measures of bioavailability, Cmax, tmax, Keli and Area
Under the Curve (AUC); Design of single dose bioequivalence study and relevant
statistics; Review of regulatory requirements for conducting bioequivalent
studies. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) of drugs.
More details about GPAT is available
at www.gpat.in
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